Key Trials Linking CHD and Cardiovascular Diseases to Dyslipidaemias

Primary Prevention Trials

  1. World Health Organization Cooperative Trial in the Primary Prevention of Ischaemic Heart Disease using Clofibrate
  2. The Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (LRC-CPPT)
  3. West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study (WOSCOPS)
  4. Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study (AFCAPS/TexCAPS)

Secondary Prevention Trials

  1. Coronary Drug Project
  2. Stockholm Ischaemic Heart Disease Secondary Prevention Study
  3. Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S)
  4. Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial
  5. Long-term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) study

The results of the clinical trials (which were carried out at different times and in different settings) have been expressed in the standardised and comparable terms of evidence-based medicine. The following outcome indicators have been calculated for major end points in each trial.

Absolute risk (AR) = number of events/number of patients in group
Absolute risk reduction (ARR) = absolute risk in control group (ARC) - absolute risk in treatment group (ART)
%ARR = 100 x ARR
Relative risk reduction (RRR) = ARR/ARC
%RRR = 100 x RRR
Number needed to treat to prevent one event (NNT) = 1/ARR
 Number needed to harm (one event) = 1/(ART - ARC)



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